US Use of EMF Weapons Devices on humans

Utilizations of Ultrasound in Medicine Abdominal muscle Assessment Using Waves Presentation Ultrasound is a sound wave with a swaying pressure wave with frequencies extending from 20 kHz until roughly 200 MHz. These frequencies are not perceptible to people. Ultrasonic gadgets are utilized to recognize articles and measure the separation between them. Ultrasound has been all the more much of the time utilized in clinical imaging showing the patient an item in their body or just for the most part taking a gander at their body. Ultrasound apparently is getting well known because of it not transmitting any radiations not at all like X-Rays. [6] Employments of Ultrasound Ultrasound is utilized in the clinical division as a methods for imaging, empowering clinical staff to see the patients body with no serious issues. The most widely recognized utilization of Ultrasound in the clinical division is its utilization in what is called a â€Å"ultrasound scan†. This is utilized to extend a moving picture of a baby inside a pregnant womans body. A case of this can be seen on the left. Ultrasound isn't just used to distinguish unborn babies yet additionally see a few organs in the body through ‘prenatal scanning’: a similar strategy utilized for a ultrasound filter. Since ultrasound effectively reflect off delicate tissue, gel should be added to the piece of the body where the sweep will be directed. A transducer is then used to produce the ultrasound waves and recognize any echoes it gets from the reflected waves. During the way toward checking the waves likewise disintegrate bits of gallstone which dwell inside our organs, with their steady vibrations.[6][7][12] Another utilization of Ultrasound is reverberation sounding. This is utilized by the quality control industry to recognize imperfections in bits of metal. As a ultrasound wave is being gone through the metal, it will arrive at the imperfection region in the metal and the reflected wave that happened to the deformity zone will be gotten by the transducer that transmitted the wave. On the off chance that there is more than one reflected wave it implies the metal is imperfection. [7][12][13][15] â€Å"Ultrasound waves can be utilized by the business for cleaning.†[12] The waves are sent through a liquid and air pockets shaped from the vibration of the ultrasound expel earth from an article. The item which is put in water or another dissolvable has liquid breakdown into the hole deserted from the dissolvable. The air pockets at that point move quickly, evacuating the soil and bringing about a rising above standard of cleanliness.[12][15] Perils and Risks The risks of Ultrasound are impressively low contrasted with different waves. Despite the fact that there is no significant danger in utilizing ultrasound it has its dangers which could hurt the client. Unnecessary introduction to ultrasound influxes of 120dB can prompt hearing misfortune. [6] Unnecessary introduction of ultrasound waves at 155dB will cause cavitation warming up the clients body cells. [6] Extreme introduction to ultrasound floods of 180dB may prompt passing. [6] Cavitation may make the clients cells heat up and summon poisonous responses. [23] Change in cells may cause Intestinal dying. [23] Harm to fetus’s cerebrum may prompt left handedness. [23] Pre-birth sweeps may cause early work, untimely birth, unnatural birth cycle and perinatal passings. [23] Potential incapacities shaped are: epilepsy, dyslexia and deferred discourse improvement. [23] Ultrasound in Physiotherapy â€Å"The point of physiotherapy is to help reestablish development and typical body work in instances of sickness, injury and disability.†. [1] Physiotherapy attempts to fix debilitated body capacities from influenced individuals. Ultrasound has discovered its way into this world, carrying it’s helpful treatment strategies with it. It’s used to treat profound tissue wounds, lessen torment from fits as wells as aggravation and swellings, increment tissue extensibility, accelerate digestion, diminish nerve bothering, upgrade sedate conveyance and accelerate mending. Ultrasound animates the blood flow and the movement of cells to aid the therapeutics. [1] [3] The ultrasound recurrence that is utilized for physiotherapy runs somewhere in the range of 0.7 and 3 MHz. [5] Gel is applied to the patients body to decrease erosion with the transducer and help the transmission of ultrasound waves. The waves are consumed by tendons, ligaments and sash and the therapeutics in fluence apply. [5] Favorable circumstances and Disadvantages Effects Social Impact Hospitalized labor has increased an abrupt ascent since the twentieth century. This is because of the improved medical clinic innovation and effective labor likelihood. [16] Since ultrasound has been a piece of the medical clinics innovation, moms have needed to see a fetal checking of their unborn kid. This has been done on numerous occasions, however society guards addressing if ultrasound examining is. The reality of having the option to see your unborn kid gives ultrasound an or more point to it’s gainful use. It permitted guardians to discover the sexual orientation of their youngster before conveyance and recognize any variations from the norm that may happen during pregnancy. [16] Moral Impact The utilization of ultrasound in pre-birth filtering is by all accounts that it influences the connection among mother and hatchling. The social correspondence is gone and what remains is correspondence through a PC screen showing the hatchling. The mother will at that point use what she sees as opposed to depending on her exemplified information. [17] Ultrasound carries awkwardness to the ethical remaining of the casualty through harmful harm to the person in question. This raises the ethical familiarity with hatchlings and on the off chance that they ought to be presented to the waves transmitted, which can bring harmful harm. Yet, this will at that point corrupt the moms moral remaining as she additionally turns into a survivor of the harmful harm ultrasound can bring. [17] Moral Impact Ultrasound has been most regularly known for deciding the sexual orientation of the baby. Ultrasound is a modest asset since all you need is a transducer and somebody who can work the gadget. In nations like China and India, guardians abuse this strategy by checking the sexual orientation of their kid and afterward choosing to prematurely end it because of the nations inclination of guys. [18] In india there are 250,000 female feticide premature births every year. The legislature has been attempting to propel individuals into esteeming female embryos yet the Economic and Social effects have lead to the event of this moral issue. [18] End Ultrasound is a protected soundwave with a minor likelihood of incredible dangers. Ultrasound has been demonstrated to be gainful and valuable in many ventures and is famous in the clinical business. It’s a technique utilized in physiotherapy to accelerate recuperating and to improve the general therapeutics. Despite the fact that it has differentiating points of interest and inconveniences, and does not merit suggesting it ought not demoralize anybody from utilizing ultrasound waves. Reference index [1] Physiotherapy How It Works . Physiotherapy. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 May 2014. http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Physiotherapy/Pages/How-can it-work.aspx>. [2] Rheumatology. Helpful Ultrasound in Soft Tissue Lesions. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/40/12/1331.full>. [3] Ultrasound in Physiotherapy. Ultrasound in Physiotherapy. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.greatlakes-physiotherapy.com/physiotherapy-ultrasound.html>. [4] Does Ultrasound Work? SaveYourselfca RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://saveyourself.ca/articles/ultrasound.php>. [5] Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_ultrasound#Physical_therapy>. [6] Ultrasound. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound>. [7] Ultrasound. Finish My Exams. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/material science/ultrasound.html>. [8] BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_gateway_pre_2011/radiation/ultrasoundrev2.shtml>. [9] BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/triple_aqa/medical_applications_physics/ultrasound/update/1/>. [10] BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel_pre_2011/waves/soundultrasoundandseismicwavesrev2.shtml>. [11] BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_ocr_gateway/radiation/ultrasoundrev3.shtml>. [12] Ultrasound. Ultrasound. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.cyberphysics.co.uk/themes/waves/ultrasound.htm>. [13] What Is Fetal Imaging and Pre-Natal Scanning? What Are the Uses of Ultrasound? N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.gcsescience.com/pwav14.htm>. [14] Uses of Sound Waves. GCSE Physics Uses of Waves Revision. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.s-cool.co.uk/gcse/material science/employments of-waves/amend it/employments of-sound-waves>. [15] Ultrasound. Amendment World. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.revisionworld.com/gcse-modification/material science/waves/ultrasound>. [16] Ultrasound Technology and Its Social Impact. Yippee Contributor Network. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://voices.yahoo.com/ultrasound-innovation its-social-sway 6812902.html>. [17] Ultrasounds Risk: Reproductive Autonomy and Epistemic Moral Injury.[emailprotected]. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/iaph/June27/Presentations/5/>. [18] Female Feticide moral Issues of Ultrasound in India and China. Why Is American Health Care so Expensive? N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://whyisamericanhealthcaresoexpensive.blogspot.co.at/2013/03/female-feticide-moral issues-of.html>. [19] BCF Technology. Monetary Benefits of Ultrasound. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.international.bcftechnology.com/learning/livestock/clinical-assets/monetary advantages of-ultrasound> [20] Benefits of the Use of Ultrasound in Physical Therapy. LIVESTRONG.COM. LIVESTRONG.COM, 7 July 2010. Web. 7 May 2014. http://www.livestrong.com/article/172706-benefits-of-the-utilization of-ultrasound-in-active recuperation/>. [21] Ultrasound Therapy. For Treatment of Sports Injuries. N.p.

Ballistics Essays

Ballistics Essays Ballistics Essay Ballistics Essay Paper Ballistics Bullets going more than 2,000 feet for each second and having more vitality than one typical individual can see. Would you be able to envision following where, how, when, and what from point this projectile was shot. Ballistic researchers can. Ballistics is the investigation of any shot utilized as a weapon. This can surely represent the moment of truth a case Involving a master Great ballistic researchers can even give how far the slug was shot from before It reaches the objective. To me this is one of the most Important devices for a situation where a gun is utilized. The meaning of ballistics is extremely basic, the investigation of shots from a weapon, fundamentally alluding to slugs out of a firearm. That Is a dulled down definition. My definition is somewhat lengthier inside and out. Criminological ballistics remembers the assessment of shots and guns for an endeavor to distinguish specific weapons utilized at a specific time. Weapons and shots abandon little signs when discharged, which proficient ballistic researchers can dissect and characterize what firearm, slug, vitality, and even charge of the packaging. This makes ballistic researcher one of the most significant keys on a law requirement office. Guns and rifles are sorted by what within distance across of the barrel measures. This is called bore. A model would be, a 22 bore rifle has an a lot littler measurement barrel than a . 370 gauge rifle does. Thusly, the projectile of a . 22 bore will be impressively littler than that off . 370 bore, Pistols are classified a similar way. A . 40 gauge is a lot littler than a . 460 gauge. Shotguns, in any case, are not sorted Like this. Shotguns are ordered by check. In contrast to the rifle, the littler the measure of a rifle the greater within width is. For example, a twelve check has an a lot bigger barrel than a twenty-eight measure. Since I have disclosed sizes and classification to the weapons, next Is the activity of the firearms. At the point when a weapon is discharged it takes numerous parts to make the firearm shoot and furthermore for the shot to hit Its objective. At the point when you pull the trigger on a firearm, the shooting pin strikes the shot to set tot the explosive. That leaves a blemish on the packaging as exceptional as a fingerprintno two firearms strike the shot in the very same manner. Moreover, the barrels of each weapon are rifled, which implies they contain grooves, wanly Nell ten Dulled spun Ana make It increasingly exact. Thusly, ten Dulled NAS ten imprints from the rifling in the barrel, which can be coordinated up to the weapon that discharged it. There is one special case to the rifling in the barrel. That special case is smooth bore fired firearms. They are smooth, Just like the name suggests. Presently to discuss the term the vast majority consider as ballistics, the speed, drop, and vitality off projectile. Charge, weight, and gag length are three things that influence the speed and drop off projectile. Something a great many people don?wet know is that a projectile doesn't shoot straight on a level plane. At the point when I projectile is shot it is taken shots at a raising edge. Which implies the slug breaks the plane of the gag once before hitting the objective. A . 22 gauge rifle breaks the plane of the gag at twenty-five yards, if the rifle is focused at 100 yards. Not all rifles cartridges cross at these estimations. That all relies upon the weight, charge, and speed of the slug. Weight can likewise be depicted as thump down force. A high bore rifle will fire heavier projectiles and have more thump down force. The more weight implies that there is increasingly active vitality. For instance, a . 357 bore rifle fires a lighter, a lot quicker projectile than that off . 5 gauge. In spite of the fact that the . 57 is quicker and all the more level shooting, the . 45 gauge has more thump down force due to the heaviness of the projectile and the motor vitality. Despite the fact that this data is progressively useful too tracker, it is helpful to any shooter. Charge is portrayed as the measure of dark powder used to discharge the projectile. The more the charge, the greater the blast. Each weapon utilizes dark powder to be discharged. Dark powder was the main unstable, and utilized in each weapon throughout the entire existence of guns. From the most seasoned muskmelons to the most cutting edge expert sharpshooter rifles utilized today. Since the speed of the weapon is secured, next will be to clarify what happens o the projectile once it hits the objective. There are a wide range of kinds of shots. For example, delicate tip, empty point, and wad cutters. There are additionally a couple of kinds of empty focuses. Empty focuses are projectiles that extend, (or mushroom) when they have affected the objective. These are generally normal and furthermore the most hurtful. In addition to the fact that you have a slug going at more than 1 500 feet for each second, yet they additionally extend and leave expanding section and leave wounds, and can likewise leave follow measures of the shot inside the objective. One kind of empty point is a moderate extending projectile. It works precisely like it is chattered, it is a harder projectile that despite everything extends, except may not completely grow until it is far into the objective. These do a great deal of harm, however not as terrible as a quick extending shot. Quick extending shots grow when contact is made with the objective and is the most deadly kind of slug. Since they open so rapidly you get the mushroom impact totally through the objective. Wad cutters are simply a strong bit of lead. They are fundamentally utilized for target practice since they are modest and don't have the charge nor the speed of a chasing load. Despite the fact that they field t as ground-breaking they are Just as hurtful. Since they don't grow they remain a strong totally through the objective and furthermore after if there is a leave wound. These are Just as lethal on the grounds that they can ricochet inside askew, for example, a human. Wad cutters are utilized in a ton of posse battles since they won't execute somebody, however they will infiltrate the skin and once inside the individual they will ricochet off of the ribs and sternum, doing a lot of inner harm. On every single weapon made, there is a sequential number stepped into it. It Is made Day squeezing ten metal so even Day Telling Tontine sequential under Trot ten inside, the researcher can at present utilize ultra-sound to discover the sequential number. Recording off sequential number is a wrongdoing in itself and is extremely regular in groups, medications, and demonstrations of savagery. By securing this sequential number ballistic researchers can discover the bore, make, model, store it was sold from, and even the proprietor. This is an enormous factor in ballistic science. On the off chance that you can put a firearm with a proprietor/administrator, as a ballistic researcher you have won a large portion of the clash of understanding the wrongdoing. Ballistic researchers not just work with the activity of the weapon, yet additionally the separation and point the slug was shot from. For example, the section opening on an objective well be a lot littler than the leave gap in light of the extension of the shot and the speed that it left at. For this situation on the off chance that you can decide and passage and leave wound you can determine what point the projectile was shot from and decide the region that the shooter was the point at which the slug was discharged from the gun. Separation is an immense key to making sense of what occurred at a wrongdoing scene. A slug shot from point-empty shell go out to a short proximity will leave a dark powder consume on the objective. A shot a point-clear range will have a more tightly more particular consume than en of a shot from a further separation. Another deciding key to remove is infiltration. On the off chance that a projectile has not totally gone through a casualty it could have been terminated from a more remote separation than what the decencies of the scene permit. A portion of the tests and assessments of ballistics incorporate a couple of various sorts of test shooting. The ballistic researcher will test fire the weapon to discover its markings and striations on particular kinds of shots to attempt to coordinate a slug with a firearm and even a firearm with a proprietor. That kind of test should clearly possibly be possible if either stays of the shot or the firearm is found. On the off chance that neither the firearm nor slug is found at the scene the researcher can fire various sorts of weapons into what is called ballistic gel. This gel is practically identical to the skin, muscle, and fat off human. It is an unmistakable gel so you can think about the injury channel of the casualty to that of the gel. This is likewise useful with contemplating extension of a shot considering the gel is clear. Gathering proof from a wrongdoing scene is significant. You would prefer not to hurt any proof that could prevent the case. When gathering proof, for example, a firearm, never place a pencil within the barrel or trigger watchman. Not exclusively is that not legitimate rearm wellbeing it is likewise destructive to any proof that is situated there. The guns can be gotten by the finished piece of the grasp, while obviously wearing elastic gloves to abandon no additional fingerprints. Prior to getting the gun, ensure it is pointing a sheltered way. Most hoodlums don't empty the gun before they drop it at a wrongdoing scene. Keep notes on the state of the weapon, the area, and time it was found. These call all be key factors in telling when, where, why, and how the casualty was shot. On the off chance that the barrel is harmed in any capacity, it will influence the result of test shooting. The equivalent goes for the terminating system. The gun ought to be contained in either an enormous envelope or a paper sack. It ought to be kept separate from the shots, packaging, or magazine. Placing these bits of proof in one compartment can prompt scratching and harming any bit of proof. With respect to gathering the shot or packaging from a scene, you should be cautious and gather it right or it will be nothing but bad as proof. Since housings and projectiles are metal, IT residency Is any metal on metal contact ten example would de be able to administer Ana scratches. This is the reason you would need to gather the proof by hand with gloves on. Additionally one thing that most lawbreakers don?wet consider is the point at which you are stacking your weapon you are leaving your fingerprints on the housings as you load them into the magazine. This is

Guide for how to Choose a College to Tour TKG

Guide for how to Choose a College to Tour Before you get your hopes up about finding the right school on your first try, cozy up to the fact that you’re not going to walk away from your first college tour knowing that you want to attend that college. And you shouldn’t! If you do feel that way, you haven’t done enough research and you haven’t gone on enough tours.  Deciding that you want to go to Williams after only visiting Williams is like saying that the first and only restaurant you’ve ever gone to is the best restaurant in the world. Rather than giving you a long list of tips that could potentially get overwhelming and confusing, let’s go through an exercise that we do with our juniors. But just so you know, the touring process should ideally start sophomore year. All years of high school are “college prep years,” but junior year is best spent further building out extracurricular activities, studying for standardized tests, and narrowing down your college list. Sophomore year is much less busy. But for t he purposes of this exercise, let’s say that we’re talking to a junior. CASE STUDY: Amanda lives in Los Angeles, California. She just took her first ACT and got a 32, but plans to take it again. She definitely wants a liberal arts education and is leaning towards majoring in English or History. She wants to go to a small to medium-sized school. She has family on the east coast and would like to go to college there. While we’re proud of Amanda for narrowing down her interests, she’s a bit behind on starting the tours. As we said earlier, tours should be started sophomore year. If you’re in the same boat, no worries. Just get on it soon. Here’s what we know about Amanda:Current ACT score: 32Current location: Los Angeles, CaliforniaDesired school size: small to mediumDesired school location: somewhere on the east coast, but open to suggestionsIntended path of study: liberal arts, potentially English or History  The next step would be to find a school that’s close to Amand a’s current location that fits this mold. There is absolutely no need to travel across the country for your first school tour. It’s expensive, unnecessary, and an all-around a bad move. While we’re on the topic of bad moves, your first school tour should also not be somewhere that is completely out of range. If you have a B+ GPA and a 30 on your ACT, you shouldn’t be touring Stanford, even if it’s in your backyard. There’s a good chance that you’ll fall in love with the school (because it’s Stanford, although we’ve made our thoughts on that clear many times before,) and all of the other schools you look at won’t compare. Based on Amanda’s metrics, we might suggest that she tours Occidental. It’s a small school, it’s close to home, and her potential areas of academic interest are offered there. We would now ask Amanda to visit Occidental with our college visit notepad. And yes, you should literally print it out, bring it with you, and fill it out immediately . Do a brain dump on your tour and write down everything that you like (and don’t like) about the school. With a first college tour, you’re looking for a basis of comparison, not your one true love. It’s possible that Amanda loves the school, it’s possible that Amanda hates the school, and it’s absolutely possible for Amanda to be unsure. That’s why you shouldn’t be traveling out of your way for your first visit: there’s a good chance you’ll walk away with mixed feelings. When the time comes to schedule another tour, look at your college visit notepad! What did you like, and what didn’t you like? Was the school you just visited too big, too small, or just the right size? Did the academic programs interest you? How did you feel about the location? And never discount the importance of gut feelings and general vibes (aka how you felt while on campus) when deciding where to tour next. But dig into those feelings. Saying that you didn’t like the school “just beca use” is unhelpful, but something like “I found the giant lecture halls intimidating” does wonders. Use the feedback from your first visit in a smart way. Then, look for schools that offer what the first school didn’t. And if you loved the school you just visited, look for similar ones!  If going on multiple (or even one) school tours isn’t possible for financial or scheduling reasons, don’t discount the importance of doing research. It’s harder, but not at all impossible to find out more about a school without visiting. Reach out to current students, stalk social media, email for more information, etc. And if you’re only able to visit one school, do all of the research before making that final decision.  We help our clients narrow down their interests and then find schools that match. Contact us here if you want help.

Guatemal A Large Latin American Country - 1846 Words

Guatemala once was a magnificent vacation destination for many Americans. Now, many Americans are choosing a different getaway.Guatemala has seen many changes to daily life due to drug cartels and street gangs. Drug cartels and street gangs have been taking over the cities and rural areas. These two very dangerous groups of people have been threatening some people and killing others. Many families have to pay to guarantee a safe life. If a family cannot pay, they have to escape their homeland. The cartels and gangs ruined many families and traumatized many more. The citizens need help but, not from only themselves. The government needs to help and realize that there is a problem that can ruin their country. The government needs to take control of the problems that the cartels and gangs create. Guatemala is a large Latin American country with only a population of 12,701,000. This country is sometimes misjudged because many people see it as a tourist destination, but sadly it is a very dangerous place to be. The capital of this beautiful Caribbean state, Guatemala City has a high crime rate. Many times the crimes committed are shootings and drug trafficking, but the crimes can be more than that. Most crimes are encouraged by the cartels that the government cannot control. (Guatemala Facts 1) Guatemala’s drug and gang issues did not originate in their homeland. Mexico had a huge influence on the drug issues. A state patrol office states, â€Å"Members of the Zetas, anotherShow MoreRelatedGuatemal A Large Latin American Country1844 Words   |  8 PagesGuatemala once was a magnificent vacation country for many Americans. Now, many Americans are choosing a different getaway.Guatemala has seen many changes to daily life due to drug cartels and street gangs. Drug cartels and street gangs have been taking over the cities and rural areas. These two very dangerous groups of people have been threatening some people and killing others. Many families have to pay to guarantee a safe life. If a family can not pay, they have to escape their homeland. The

The And The Criminal Justice System - 923 Words

While the use of remand custody was implemented to avoid potential casualties to both the community and offenders, the dramatic increase of its use caught the attention of many scholars. They argue that while the practice has its advantages, it also has crippling drawbacks such as overpopulation in prisons and the undermining the presumption of innocence; the main principle which defines the criminal justice system. Individuals charged with an alleged offense are â€Å"remanded into custody through the issuance of a warrant of committal by a JP or judge† (Griffiths, 2015, pp. 179) and are continued to be held in prison for an indefinite time until they are needed to appear for court. The reason for custody may be issued out of concern that accused individuals may not attend court, possibly reoffend before their trial date, or were not granted bail. Remand custody is enforced to ensure offenders’ availability for court appearance to uphold the integrity of the justice sy stem. Implementing remand custody allows for the safety of witnesses, who can testify without having their words be manipulated under the fear and harassment from offenders. Consideration of bail and outcomes to remand are merged; they have the same factors that determine whether as to whether offenders should be detained and whether they would be granted bail or not. Authorities may deny bail or decide to place offenders into custodial remand if they are deemed to be untrustworthy. If released, offenders may tryShow MoreRelatedJustice Systems And The Criminal Justice System Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesThe criminal justice system is a complex and often uncoordinated system that operates by enforcing the law and seeking justice across countless jurisdictions. It is comprised of many separate agencies including agencies at the federal, state, and local level. Each agency has its own function and goals while operating at different levels of government. The agencies also represent d ifferent concerns and values of the public, creating a fragmented system rather than a monolithic, unified system. A monolithicRead MoreCriminal Justice System1524 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the Criminal Justice System is to reduce the crime and the fire of crime. In order to achieve this it is using different agencies and the major of them are the Police, Prosecution, Courts, Prisons and Probation. They all are operating in synchrony for achieving their legal responsibilities and particularly for reducing the level of crime. The aim of this essay specifically is to discuss the functions of the police and how they actually fit with the objectives of the Criminal Justice System as aRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1308 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system refers to the way in which a society chooses to handle all aspects of crime and punishment. In the Western world, particularly the United States, the criminal justice system is an official governmental system that focuses on crime and punishment, though some societies still incorporate a significant amount of informal social controls into their criminal justice systems. The criminal justice system covers everything from crime-prevention andRead MoreThe On The Criminal Justice System984 Words   |  4 PagesGarland (2001), view on â€Å"the criminal justice system in America was created to keep communities safe, to respect and restore victims, and to return offenders who leave prison to be self-sufficient and law-abiding. Treatment simply did not work either by therapy or broader social programs and became is a monumental failure that our states and nation can no longer afford† (p.61) Garland (2001) stated â€Å"that the collapse of faith in our correction system began a wave of demoralization that underminedRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe criminal justice system has for long been faced by a lot of caseloads, an issue which has been heaping a lot of pressure on the stakeholders.  Ã‚  The cause of increased workload is lack of adequate resources to deal with the caseload. Some people have argued that the only way to deal with the overloads is to provide more money to the criminal justice systems so that everyone involved will be able to do the required tasks and in so doing reduce the number of cases while scholars think that the onlyRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System720 Words   |  3 Pages Victims usually adopt a subsidiary role in the courts, compared to the accused or offender (Booth, 2016). Victim-focused law reforms are open to many jurisdictions throughout Australia, and majority of systems which follow the adversarial nature of proceedings (Garkawe, 2007). The justice system aims to enforce a therapeutic structure, however, in some instances this fails to be upheld for the victim. In a sentencing hearing, an offender’s mitigating factors may reduce their sentence, thereforeRead MoreCriminal Justice System1308 Words   |  6 PagesNorways criminal justice system is doing something right. The few citizens that go to prison usually only go once. How does Norway achieve this? The country relies on a method called restorative justice, which aims to repair the harm caused by crime rather than punish people. This system is purely focused on rehabilitating prisoners. The United States, on the other hand, places focus on incarceration and incapacitation. This is w here the methodologies clash: should the criminal justice system be responsibleRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of the criminal justice system is explained by three definitions: Control crime, Prevent crime, and provide and maintain justice. This sense of criminal justice has been the same since pre-civilized communities, where the elders of a tribe enforced the laws of the village. The criminal justice system has changed drastically from the times of kinship systems to today’s system of laws. As time has passed criminal justice has change in many ways, for example: the way they dress, arrest,Read MoreThe Criminal Justice System1454 Words   |  6 Pages Our Criminal Justice System is far from perfect but it has fulfilled its design by becoming a living system so to speak. Our system is predicated upon discretion from start to finish whereas the first step in the process lies with the contacting officer. Once lawful presence has been established and probable cause for contact can be clearly articulated, the decision to make that contact rests solely with that officer. Of course, each department utilizes a form of controlled discretion, ensuringRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1305 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout this course, I have learned about the many segments of the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system is made up of three main elements which process a case from initiation, through trial, to punishment. First a case starts with law enforcement officials, who investigate crime and gather evidence to identify and use against the assumed suspect. The case then proceeds to the court system, which evaluates the evid ence to decide if the defendant is guilty or innocent. If the defendant

Santosh N. Williams. Dr. Washington. 28 March 2017. . The

Santosh N. Williams Dr. Washington 28 March 2017 The American Civil War The American Civil War was a war against the North and the South during the 1860’s. The Southern removed themselves from the Union. The U.S didn’t allow states to be removed from the Union. The North also wanted to get rid of Slavery but the South wanted African American slaves to help them and work for them. The War started when the army in the South attacked a military base in South Carolina. The American Civil War was the first war that killed thousands of Americans in history. During the Civil War thousands of Americans soldiers died. United States had the most slaves in the world, but after the Civil War slaves weren’t allowed anymore. The American nation was†¦show more content†¦The role of the women changed during the war. Political power were going under the control of a single authority. During the war agriculture and manufacturing were needed for the South. Leaders in the South were hoping that European Countries would gi ve up. In the economy, it was a breaking point of the South. Both France and the United Kingdom allowed the south to have warships built in their shipyards. Troops form the confederates weren’t as good as the North was. In the South was plagued with shortages of all kinds. Money was also a problem of the South, to print money to lead to unbelievable increases in the price of everyday items. After the fall of Atlanta, soldiers worried more about their family than staying to fight for their new country. On July 1861, McDowell approached Manassas. McDowell troops and the Union troops composed mainly of poorly trained volunteers clashed on July 21. Northerns predicted that the war would not be over in three months. The confederacy maintained the advantage in the war into late 1862. The battle of Chancellorsville was later seen as one of Lee’s victories of the Civil War. The confederacy remained powerful mid-1863. In Chancellorsville the army had 138,000 men in 1863. General Robert E. Lee attacked the bull run in Manassas. The Mississippi River was seized by the North in the West. Senator William H. Seward of New York became Lincoln’s secretary of state. He placed slavery at the heart of the

A Day in the Life of Alex Sander free essay sample

I had to plunge in and make a lot of snap decisions in these areas. Looking back, I can see one poor strategy decision, but on the whole my judgment has been right on target. And if being pushy and commanding is the only way to get the job done—to get two new products out in one year—then it’s worth it to me. Even if I have to steamroll over someone’s feelings, or ignore the way a colleague would like to handle a project. Sander: Well, I get ticked off pretty easily. For example, I can’t stand explaining something more than a couple of times. But what really bothers me is lack of commitment—for example, if a long-time employee isn’t willing to put in extra hours to meet an important deadline. But you know what? After I really become angry, there are people at Landon whose output will jump for at least a couple of weeks afterwards. We will write a custom essay sample on A Day in the Life of Alex Sander or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My temper is actually an effective management tool. 9:00 A. M. Leong nodded apologetically to Garrison as she left and said, â€Å"The interviewer from your alumni magazine is here. † The magazine was interviewing Sander for an article on â€Å"high-potential† product managers as part of a career development issue. He did not want to further embarrass Garrison, a 20-year veteran of the company, by interrupting; still, he needed to talk to Sander. op yo Neighbor: I remember you mentioning some sparks with your assistant when you first started at Landon. rP os t A Day in the Life of Alex Sander: Driving in the Fast Lane at Landon Care Products | 2177 and so on. But you’re never in charge of your own creation. That’s the main reason I accepted a job at Landon. Landon is a pretty small shop, and I’ve been involved in every detail of my product launches. I’ve really enjoyed the strategy piece—gathering data about market share, figuring out the most profitable positioning for my brands. As a product manager, you have to talk to RD, then work with market research to see whether you have a feasible idea that will attract consumers. Then you work with advertising. You partner with all the departments to synchronize the program’s details. A product manager must ensure a targeted, quality product, whose distinctive features will be clear to the target consumer. Then you have to make the product right and get it to market. At that moment, Sander’s BlackBerry buzzed and, with a quick apology, Alex picked up the call. â€Å"I need to get a piece of data from this market researcher before my team meeting this afternoon,† Sander explained. While waiting for Sander to finish, the interviewer glanced around Alex’s office. It was large for so new a product manager, and the interviewer noted the award plaques on the credenza behind Sander’s desk. Sander finished the brief phone call, and the two continued talking. For the last question, the interviewer asked, â€Å"Alex, in your opinion, which type of person is best suited to being a product manager?

150 Famous Writing Quotes to Inspire You Right Now

150 Famous Writing Quotes to Inspire You Right Now 150 Famous Writing Quotes to Help You During Every Stage of Writing When you're feeling stuck on your novel, an important thing to remember is that we've all been there in the past. That's right - even the J.K Rowling's and Ernest Hemingway's of this world. Which is why it's always a great idea to turn to your most famous peers (and their writing quotes) for inspiration.Without further ado, here are 170 writing quotes  to guide you through every stage of writing. (Yes! We've added more since we first published this post!) Discover 170 famous writing quotes inside to inspire your own writing! The number one piece of advice that most authors have for other authors is to read, read, read. Here’s why.1. â€Å"If you don't have time to read, you don't have the time (or the tools) to write. Simple as that.† - Stephen King2. â€Å"You should write because you love the shape of stories and sentences and the creation of different words on a page. Writing comes from reading, and reading is the finest teacher of how to write.† - Annie Proulx3. â€Å"Indeed, learning to write may be part of learning to read. For all I know, writing comes out of a superior devotion to reading.† - Eudora Welty4. â€Å"Read, read, read. Read everything  -  trash, classics, good and bad, and see how they do it. Just like a carpenter who works as an apprentice and studies the master. Read! You'll absorb it. Then write. If it's good, you'll find out. If it's not, throw it out of the window.† - William Faulkner5. â€Å"I kept always two books in my pocke t: one to read, one to write in.† - Robert Louis Stevenson6. â€Å"The Six Golden Rules of Writing: Read, read, read, and write, write, write.† - Ernest Gaines7. â€Å"The greatest part of a writer’s time is spent in reading, in order to write; a man will turn over half a library to make one book.† - Samuel Johnson8. â€Å"Read a thousand books, and your words will flow like a river.† ― Lisa See9. â€Å"One sure window into a person’s soul is his reading list.† - Mary B. W. Tabor As any writer knows, there are no actual â€Å"rules† in this craft. That said, these writing quotes reveal some famous principles in writing that won’t let you down.125. â€Å"Don’t tell me the moon is shining; show me the glint of light on broken glass.† ― Anton Chekhov126. â€Å"My own experience is that once a story has been written, one has to cross out the beginning and the end. It is there that we authors do most of our lying.† - Anton Chekhov127. â€Å"There are three rules for writing a novel. Unfortunately, no one knows what they are.† - Somerset Maugham128. â€Å"Any word you have to hunt for in a thesaurus is the wrong word. There are no exceptions to this rule.† - Stephen King129. â€Å"Substitute 'damn' every time you're inclined to write 'very;' your editor will delete it and the writing will be just as it should be.† - Mark Twain130. â€Å"Find your best time of the day for writing and write. Don†™t let anything else interfere. Afterwards it won’t matter to you that the kitchen is a mess.† - Esther Freud131. â€Å"Here is a lesson in creative writing. First rule: Do not use semicolons. is, you really need less†¦ My model for this is late Beethoven. He moves so strangely and quite suddenly sometimes from place to place in his music, in the late quartets. He knows where he’s going and he just doesn’t want to waste all that time getting there†¦ One is aware of this as one gets older. You can’t waste time.† - Ursula K. Le Guin140. â€Å"Part 1. I notice that you use plain, simple language, short words and brief sentences. That is the way to write English - it is the modern way and the best way. Stick to it; don’t let fluff and flowers and verbosity creep in.Part 2. When you catch an adjective, kill it. No, I don’t mean utterly, but kill most of them – then the rest will be valuable. They weaken when t hey are close together. They give strength when they are wide apart.Part 3. An adjective habit, or a wordy, diffuse, flowery habit, once fastened upon a person, is as hard to get rid of as any other vice.† - Mark Twain "I love deadlines. I like the whooshing sound they make as they fly by," and more writing quotes inside â€Å"You miss 100% of the shots that you never take - Wayne Gretsky,† as Michael Scott once said. In tribute to this sentiment, these writing quotes help show why it’s important not to let failure or rejection get you down.141. â€Å"You can’t let praise or criticism get to you. It’s a weakness to get caught up in either one.† - John Wooden142. â€Å"Rejection slips, or form letters, however tactfully phrased, are lacerations of the soul, if not quite inventions of the devil - but there is no way around them.† - Isaac Asimov143. â€Å"Was I bitter? Absolutely. Hurt? You bet your sweet ass I was hurt. Who doesn’t feel a part of their heart break at rejection. You ask yourself every question you can think of, what, why, how come, and then your sadness turns to anger. That’s my favorite part. It drives me, feeds me, and makes one hell of a story.† - Jennifer Salaiz144. â€Å"I love my rejection slips. They show me I t ry.† - Sylvia Plath145. â€Å"I would advise anyone who aspires to a writing career that before developing his talent, he would be wise to develop a thick hide.† - Harper Lee147. â€Å"I used to save all my rejection slips because I told myself, one day I’m going to autograph these and auction them. And then I lost the box.† - James Lee Burke148. â€Å"This manuscript of yours that has just come back from another editor is a precious package. Don’t consider it rejected. Consider that you’ve addressed it ‘to the editor who can appreciate my work’ and it has simply come back stamped ‘Not at this address’. Just keep looking for the right address.† - Barbara Kingsolver149. â€Å"To ward off a feeling of failure, she joked that she could wallpaper her bathroom with rejection slips, which she chose not to see as messages to stop, but rather as tickets to the game.† - Anita Shreve150. â€Å"Remember: whe n people tell you something’s wrong or doesn’t work for them, they are almost always right. When they tell you exactly what they think is wrong and how to fix it, they are almost always wrong.† - Neil Gaiman151. â€Å"The artist doesn’t have time to listen to the critics. The ones who want to be writers read the reviews, the ones who want to write don’t have the time to read reviews.† - William Faulkner152. â€Å"I think that you have to believe in your destiny; that you will succeed, you will meet a lot of rejection and it is not always a straight path, there will be detours - so enjoy the view.† - Michael York153. â€Å"I went for years not finishing anything. Because, of course, when you finish something you can be judged.† - Erica Jong154. â€Å"I tell writers to keep reading, reading, reading. Read widely and deeply. And I tell them not to give up even after getting rejection letters. And only write what you love.â₠¬  - Anita Diamant155. â€Å"I could write an entertaining novel about rejection slips, but I fear it would be overly long.† - Louise Brown156. â€Å"I had immediate success in the sense that I sold something right off the bat. I thought it was going to be a piece of cake and it really wasn’t. I have drawers full of - or I did have - drawers full of rejection slips.† - Fred Saberhagen157. â€Å"An absolutely necessary part of a writer’s equipment, almost as necessary as talent, is the ability to stand up under punishment, both the punishment the world hands out and the punishment he inflicts upon himself.† - Irwin Shaw158. â€Å"Failures are finger posts on the road to achievement.† - C. S. LewisWhy does writing matter? If there’s anyone who might know the answer, it’s the people who write - and continue to write, despite adverse circumstances. Here are a few pennies for their thoughts.159. â€Å"Every secret of a wri ter’s soul, every experience of his life, every quality of his mind, is written large in his works.† - Virginia Woolf160. â€Å"If the book is true, it will find an audience that is meant to read it.† - Wally Lamb161. â€Å"A word after a word after a word is power.† - Margaret Atwood162. â€Å"If you want to change the world, pick up your pen and write.† - Martin Luther163. â€Å"The purpose of a writer is to keep civilization from destroying itself.† - Albert Camus164. â€Å"Good fiction’s job is to comfort the disturbed and disturb the comfortable.† - David Foster Wallace165. â€Å"After nourishment, shelter and companionship, stories are the thing we need most in the world.† - Philip Pullman166. â€Å"All stories have to at least try to explain some small portion of the meaning of life.† - Gene Weingarten167. â€Å"If a nation loses its storytellers, it loses its childhood.† - Peter Handke168. à ¢â‚¬Å"The difference between fiction and reality? Fiction has to make sense.† - Tom Clancy169. â€Å"If I had to give young writers advice, I would say don’t listen to writers talking about writing or themselves.† - Lillian Hellman170. â€Å"Don’t take anyone’s writing advice too seriously.† - Lev GrossmanOf course, writing quotes by themselves won't write the book for you - you alone have that power. However, we hope that this post has helped inspire you in some way! If you're looking for more in-depth resources, you can check out these guides:How to Write a NovelHow to Develop a Strong ThemeHow to Build a Character ProfileHow to Become a Better Writer TodayHave a favorite quote that we missed? If you know of more cool quotes by writers, write them in the comments!

KENNYATTA UNIVERSITY Essays - Pleistocene, World History

KENNYATTA UNIVERSITY Essays - Pleistocene, World History KENNYATTA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF EDUCATION MUSYOKA JOSEPH REG NO: E35/1979/2017 UNIT: UNIT NAME: TOPIC: DISCUSS THE CONTRIBUTION OF ARCHEOLOGY TO THE RECONSTRUCTION OF AFRICAN HISTORY Discuss the contribution of Archeology to the reconstruction of African history Africa is the birthplace of humankind and a continent of tremendous social and cultural diversity. As such, knowledge of Africa's past is central to understanding our species' deep history; the diverse pathways of our social, technological, and political economic development; and the mutually entangled character of our continentally siloed histories. For all but the last few centuries of its diverse and dynamic 2.5 million-year history, insight into Africa's rich and diverse pasts rests on material evidence generated through archaeological investigations (Ucko, 2000). Yet systematic archaeological study of Africa's pasts is relatively recent and characterized by significant temporal and geographical disparities; some time periods and areas have seen considerably more intensive research than others. While the cradle of civilization may have been in the Fertile Crescent, the birth of humanity laid in the heart of Africa. After the Diaspora of human beings around the world, people began to gradually forget about Africa as civilizations began to materialize. Up until the 18th century in fact, the area was largely serene, impervious of the perils of the humanity. When Imperialism began in nations, Africa was the final frontier. No one knew Africa. No one knew but those in Africa itself. This led to many explorers as they set out in the uninhabited jungles of Africa, touching on land their ancestors escaped from thousands of years before. Soon, Africa was divided up between many of the imperial powers. Each nation took their part. England with their superior status at the time took the most land. South Africa, which after conquest became English, soon had a major role in the affairs of imperialism. One man, Cecil Rhodes, and his vast fortune which continues to affect the world today, played the crucial role of leading England down the path of glory and wealth. African Historical Archaeologies is an interesting experiment. Beside the excitement of transplanting ideas that have succeeded somewhere else one may wonder if Africa is the right place for this battle. Africa has the longest record of human home on the planet. The principal hominins rose 6-7 million years prior, and among the soonest anatomically present day human skulls discovered so far were found at Omo Kibish. European archaic exploration is for the most part partitioned into the Stone Age (containing the Lower Paleolithic, the Middle Paleolithic, and the Upper Paleolithic), the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age. African archaic exploration is grouped in a somewhat extraordinary manner, with the Paleolithic for the most part partitioned into the Early Stone Age, the Middle Stone A ge, and the Later Stone Age. ( Isaac, 1971) After these three phases come the Pastoral Neolithic, the Iron Age and afterward later authentic periods. Africa's ancient times has been to a great extent overlooked, except for inquire about into early human development. Nonetheless, it is administered by the Pan African Archeological Association, whose individuals comprise of expert archeologists from all finished Africa. Notable too are the effects of preconceptions about Africa and its peoples on the questions posed and answers sought by archaeologists. Deeply held presuppositions led early scholars to deny the capacity of African peoples to make gains on what 19th- and early-20th-century European scholars envisioned as a singular progressive pathway, one modeled on the elevation of European and Near Eastern history to the status of a universal expectation. For early postcolonial archaeology, as for history, colonial dismissals of Africa's progressive capacity became a rallying cry for research aimed at demonstrating that Africa's past was dynamic and filled with examples of independent and early innovation. Recent postcolonial decades have seen expanded research, more nuanced engagements with questions of origins and connections, and growing attention to the formative role of material practice in the configuration of social life, as described in separate sections of this bibliography. The focus of this article is the breadth and depth of African archaeology. It directs readers to literatures on the history, goals, and practices of African archaeology, aiding readers unfamiliar with archaeology to gain insight into issues

Designing Learning Activities in a Standards-Based System Assignment

Designing Learning Activities in a Standards-Based System - Assignment Example When based on the organization, the resulting activity will be of high quality, allow for learning from others and the designed activity can be uses by the entire school. My chosen professional development is individual based because it can be accessed online at any place, and an individual can develop by him/herself based on his or her personal preference. The content of this professional development activity has helped me develop professionally in the area of standard-based systems for learning activities. I have learned that the â€Å"lifeless content† (Garet, Porter, Desimone, Birman, & Yoon, 2001, p. 920) is the normal curriculum can be translated into meaningful learning objectives, as well as strong standards, for the authentic assessment and engagement of the learning activities. ... B The Professional Development Activity in Context. This professional development activity I chose relates to the culture of my school. Based on the school culture of the graduate programs in the College, students are supposed to cover the syllabus within the required time. Nevertheless, the traditional methods of teaching emphasize on covering the curriculum without engaging the students to develop activities by themselves based on standardised system. This helps students, teachers and parents. This area relates to the New York state educational policy where new teachers have to undergo training before they start teaching. Teachers undergo induction period for the first two to three years to develop their capabilities. Also, beginners in the teaching field are not left to work on their own. Teachers are prepared well prior to teaching, can develop the expertise on their own and teaching can be mastered in a relatively short time. Peer coaching and mentoring to enhance analysis of ap plication, companionship and technical feedback are all features of this teacher training. Also, competence of teachers has to be evaluated annually to enhance continued learning. According to Whitehouse et. al. (2006), "professional development of teachers is to help teachers improve their professional practice so that students learn better" (p.49). Professional Learning and Leadership Standards enhance lifelong learning among the reading professionals, and this equips them with skills such as reading, attending the professional meetings, and pursuing an advanced degree. Also, the professions are able to evaluate the importance of advocacy, professional learning experiences,

Salem Witch Trials Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Salem Witch Trials - Coursework Example ended rights, the jail conditions of accused were but harsh, with the accused witches often tied for months inside cold flooded, foul smelling cells; in effect, forcing many innocent prisoners to accepted their punishment for offences they knew little about.2 Those who attempted to escape would immediately be executed when caught. The examinations for evidence were humiliating at best, for the accused were often stripped naked and tortured even more to confess. The accusers were but a section of the puritans with strong beliefs in the existence of demonic sprits and the associated control over every bad thing in life; and was the case when their children begun behaving contrary to their doctrinal beliefs, leading to the Salem witchcraft accusations. The accused witches were taken before appointed magistrates, literally questioned, with their accusers appearing in the courtrooms in a grand display of name calling screams and writhing of the supposed demonic spirit possessed young girls, which to the disbelief of many, were the complete evidence in the trials. Belief in the dangers of supernatural powers had long been cultivated by the community, and that the challenges such as the after effects of the wars, smallpox epidemic, among other conflicts as well the soaring crime rates only cemented the simmering tensions and

Wal-Mart Organizational Structure Paper Essay Example for Free

Wal-Mart Organizational Structure Paper Essay As an organization Wal-Mart has grown into a global and multimillion dollar company in America and around the world. They have been at the top of the list for the fortune and global 500 for years. They make big headlines both good and bad. They are in the United Kingdom, China, and Brazil, and all over the world. Wal-Mart started its global market in 1991, where they opened up a store in Mexico City. The profits were not that good at the beginning because they opened the store using plans and strategies they use in the United States. Those internal and external factors in globalization affected the four functions of management such as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. It was a learning experience for the organization and they had to assemble different plans for more international stores. When we think of technology in companies like Wal-mart, we think of marketing technology. With marketing technology, Wal-mart uses all functions of management. These functions had to be planned, organized, controlled, and their managers have to take the lead to convince or motivate the employees to carry out the marketing strategies in order for them to be effective. For example, anybody can market a sale in their stores, but if it is not planned, organized, or controlled, the store will not meet the goals, which can include an increase in sales, or an increase in the amount of customers coming into the businesses. When Wal-mart first started their business, they were clothing, small appliances, and home goods type of business. Through the years of their technology innovation, they saw how they can benefit from expanding their sales to food, pharmacy, sporting goods, and even an auto center. As they moved forward, they brought in private banks, eye care centers, nail salons, hair salons, and even a place for professional photos. Their careful planning and organizing helped them to become one of the largest retail stores not only in America but also nation-wide. Their strategies to make this happen were very successful because of the four function of management working well when they made these changes. Wal-mart is a perfect example of the way the four functions of management can work. Not only work but also work effectively with organized planning, controlling the needed changes, and acquiring the right management in place to take the needed charge for it all to come together. Without technology and the four functions of management, Wal-mart would not be the successful business it is today. There are many internal and external factors that affect functions of management. When we speak of Diversity, which is a variety or range of different things, and we look at the Planning, organizing, directing, and controlling functions of management. An organization may look at hiring different ethnic backgrounds, ages, genders as well as focus on offering different types of services within the organization. Meeting the needs of the community will be very important for business to grow; therefore bi-lingual staff will be a plus. Store location is a keen factor as well, so an organization may have greater opportunity in a location where there is no competition. Advertisement will come into play when organizing. What types of advertisements to use will have to be decided upon. Billboards, TV commercials, newspaper inserts, English/Spanish, or even flyers may be considered. There are also sales papers in every entrance of every store for customers to look through as they shop. The set-up of the store also falls under organizing, figuring out the layout of items and additional services like urgent care centers or nail spas. Directing and Controlling of an organization will depend mostly upon management. Policies will be set on ways to encourage, motivate, and train employees. According to the Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, â€Å"Organizations need to make cultures that allow workers from various fields to succeed.† An organization needs to have policies in place that provide opportunity for everyone to improve. Targeting customers from different ethnicities and age are important as well as offering an array of product, designating adequate handicap parking spots, shopping carts, and motorized scooters. Customer surveys and employee job performance reviews are also a part of Controlling. The ethics function will focus on the moral principles that govern a group’s behavior. Initially during planning, a company may be sure that items not appropriate for children are locked away, such as explicit CD’s or weapons. When organizing, customers are more likely to shop at a store where the staff is courtesy, kind, respectful, and helpful. The Directing and Controlling functions are monitored more so by management to ensure that policies are adhered to, and tracked for compliance. Excellent customer service will be a focus because happy and satisfied customers are return customers. Although as consumers, this is an area that many stores are losing their focus on. In Business Ethics: The Law of Rules, the author states â€Å"Rules have the greatest impact when they cause people to behave differently than they would have behaved in the absence of the rule.† This would mean that if there is a policy in place for monetary incentives for the employee with the most customer service nominations, and more employees are trying to obtain the incentive, the â€Å"great impact† will be that more employees are exuding excellent customer service and more often. Though there are many other stores that offer the same items as Wal-Mart such as Target, K-Mart, Sams, owned by the same person. Customers like Wal-mart better because of the great prices and can do more at this one location; they can at the other similar stores. In conclusion, Wal-Mart is still the leading organizational business to this day, mixing the good with the bad situations that come about. There are many internal and external factors that affect Wal-Mart, globally, technically, and ethically. Diversity and innovation also play roles in leadership and management. The reason I have chosen Wal-Mart as my topic for this assignment is that it is a great organization to research and discuss because of its popularity. Most of the family shopping is done at the local Wal-Mart. Clothing, Groceries, household items, pet supplies, and even my oil changes on the family car are done at Wal-Mart. After doing research I realized the effect that legal issues, ethics, and corporate social responsibility have on management planning. These are the reasons Wal-Mart has been at the top of the list for the fortune and global 500 for years. REFERNCES Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory: Oct2010, vol. 20 Issue 4 p 867-886, 20p Authors: Pitts, David W Heckling, Alisa Hawes, Daniel Melton, Erin Business Ethics: The Law of Rules Ã…  Ã„ eulovs, D., Gaile-Sarkane, E. (2011). E-MARKETING FOR A COMPANY: EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL INFLUENCE. Economics Management, 16947-953.

King Lear :: essays research papers

King Lear – Theme Of Blindness William Shakespeare In Shakespearean terms, blindness means a whole different thing. Blindness can normally be defined as the inability of the eye to see, but according to Shakespeare, blindness is not only a physical quality, but also a mental flaw some people possess. One of Shakespeare’s dominant themes in his play King Lear is that of blindness. King Lear, Gloucester, and Albany are three prime examples, of how Shakespeare incorporates the theme of blindness into the story. Each of these character’s blindness is the primary cause of the bad decisions he makes; decisions which all of them will eventually come to regret. King Lear is a character who is most affected by blindness. Due to Lear’s high position in society, he is supposed to be able to distinguish the good from the bad; unfortunately, his lack of insight prevents him from doing so. Lear’s first act of blindness comes at the beginning of the play. First, he is easily deceived by his two eldest daughters’ exaggerated declarations stating: â€Å"Sir, I love you more than words can wield the matter; Dearer than eye-sight, space, and liberty; Beyond what can be valued, rich or rare; No less than life, with grace, health, beauty, honour; As much as child e'er loved, or father found; A love that makes breath poor, and speech unable; Beyond all manner of so much I love you.† (I.I.56-63) Lear is unable to see the reality of Cordelia’s true love for him when she says: â€Å"Unhappy that I am, I cannot heave My heart into my mouth: I love your majesty According to my bond; nor more nor less.† (I.I.96-98) As a result, Lear banished Cordelia from his kingdom with the following words: â€Å"..................................for we Have no such daughter, nor shall ever see That face of her again. Therefore be gone Without our grace, our love, our benison.† (I.I.290-293) Lear’s blindness also causes him to banish one of his loyal followers, Kent. Kent is able to see Cordelia’s true love for her father, and tried to protect her from her blind father’s irrationality. After Kent is banished, he created a disguise for himself and is eventually hired by Lear as a servant. Lear’s inability to determine his servant’s true identity proved once again how blind Lear actually is. As the play progressed, Lear’s eyesight rea ched closer to 20/20 vision. He realized how immoral his two eldest daughters really were after they locked him out of the castle during a tremendous storm.

Change Geared Towards the Future

Goals have always been incorporated in the lives of the people for as long as man can remember. I realized that the necessary knowledge that would be incorporated in my chosen career would benefit me especially in the future. Such idea has led me to enhance my craft further and pursue a Master’s degree in Entrepreneurial Management from the European Business School in London. Since I was a young child, I have posed a great deal of interest in the field of business. I aced my examinations in math majors, most especially in Accounting, Economics, Law, and Chemistry. Applying all of these skills in the real world did not come as a difficulty form my end, for I was able to learn about the field of business in my own way.In addition to this, I found myself enjoying the challenges that the field of business has for its students. I could also say that I have improved myself, and matured for the betterment of my career.Coming from a family of businessmen also became my driving force in acquiring the said degree. It has been my belief that the European Business School would help me to become a diverse individual, competent enough to make it big in this fast and changing world.   The family business is not just something that should be taken for granted and in so doing, I would be able to make sure that our business would be flourished even at times of financial distraught.Furthermore, I am a dedicated worker who enjoys challenges. Instead of being pulled down, I become more determined to improve my craft for each difficulty experienced. In addition to this, I also possess the ability to achieve my desired results using decisive management and leadership styles. I make sure that I would grow with my peers, especially in my chosen field.I realized that applying motivational skills and maintaining a positive and supportive attitude towards others would effectively contribute in delivering solutions. Planning projects and organizing work was never a problem for me either, so achieving success is not as difficult as it may seem. Most importantly, I work well under pressure while still delivering the required work deemed from me and my peers.I am currently staying in Dubai venturing what life has in store for me. At the same time I am also running one of the real estate businesses that my family has. Regardless of such accomplishments, I am stil l focused and dedicated to my craft. Such passion allowed me to fulfil my dreams. I am now graduating with a BSc in Investment and Financial Risk Management following extensive study at the Cass Business School in London.My hopes and dreams do not end after commencement. I believe that the education and rigorous training this institution would provide me with would help me to achieve my dreams further. In so doing, I would be able to indulge myself in researches that would be catered to the improvement of policies and strategies that we use in the business.In our own way, we would be able to come up with ideas that would benefit not just the company, but the economic system of the country, as well. Through my hard work and perseverance, I would be able to someday inspire others to do the same thing and become someone of great importance to society.Regardless of my dedication for my work, I am also a well rounded individual. I balance my professional life by being a social individual and having a healthy lifestyle. I would spend time with friends without compromising the quality and quantity of work that I produce.Furthermore, I would have days when I would care for my health by playing tennis, and exploring the world through travels. Life is short, and I want to make sure that I would be able to promote change that would be geared towards the future of our society.

Self Reflection - 1292 Words

Individual Reflection Name: XUDONG SHI ID: 3845684 Victoria University Table of Contents Presentation 4 Describe 4 Interpret 4 Evaluate 4 Plan 4 Project 5 Describe 5 Interpret 5 Evaluate 5 Plan 5 Team Performance 6 Describe 6 Interpret 6 Evaluate 6 Plan 6 Individual Behaviour 7 Describe 7 Evaluate 7 Interpret 7 Plan 7 Reference List 8 Appendix 1 9 Appendix 2 10 Presentation Describe During the presentation, the team adapted the demonstration method inside of welcoming, did not perform encouragement for the audience to join the movie night and help out the charity. The plain slides style did not provide secure engagement and visual appeal. Ticketing system explanation was made†¦show more content†¦Plan The team will gather ideas about the team efficiency improvement and establish a certain strategy at the coming class. Individual Behaviour Describe During the presentation, I did not spread a confident attitude and did not present in the answering section. In general, I make some grammar and pronunciation mistakes often and do not speak fluent English. Evaluate 1. Confident: The number of people that a person can speak to measures his or her personality. However, the confident of a speech links the courage of persuading, together enhanced by experience. 2. English skills: As a second language speaker, there are some expected barriers both of listening and speaking. Therefore, an adaption of modest attitude is helpful when approaching people. Interpret A critical view of the self-weakness gives a reasonable result of ability, which can give influential suggestion of self-development. Plan I will keep searching for the decent way of improving English skills to reduce the gap between native and second language. Reference List Bourne, P, E, 2007, ‘Ten Simple Rules for Making Good Oral Presentations’, PLOS Computational Biology, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 77 Dashiell, J, F, 1935, ‘Experimental studies of the influence of social situation on the behaviour of individual human adults’, Handbook of social psychology, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 99 Glaister, K, W and Falshaw, J, R, 1999, ‘Strategic planning still going strong’, Long Range Planning,Show MoreRelatedReflection On Self Development Through Reflection1854 Words   |  8 PagesSelf-development through reflection is a key issue of education and learning (Kennison, 2012), where you learn through experience (Tashiro, Shimpuku, Naruse and Matsutani, 2013), learn to self-evaluate (Duffy, 2013), identify gaps in knowledge and detect where further training or study is required to improve practice (Olarerin, 2013). 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Literature and South Africa - 6682 Words

DECLARATION NAME: Ndumiso Ncube STUDENT NUMBER: 46302522 MODULE NUMBER: THL 2601 ASSIGNMENT NUMBER: 02 I declare that this assignment is my own, original work. Where I have used source material, it is acknowledged in accordance with departmental requirements. I understand what plagiarism is and I am aware of the departmental policy on it. Signature: Ndumiso Ncube Date: 25 March 2013 CHECKLIST Please tick the appropriate (√) | | YES | NO | 1 | I acknowledged all source material (study guide, tutorial letter, internet, other sources) used in my assignment. | √ | | 2 | Irrespective of whether I participated in a study group or not, the wording of the assignment is my own. | √ | | 3 | I indicated all sources used†¦show more content†¦Though it shall be established in this write-up that a link always exists between all the three types of codes mentioned above for a text to be described as a system, it is paramount to view with a magnifying glass on the inherent elements and value of the poem as the Structuralist suggested. In Mending Wall, the intratextual code is recognisable in the aesthetic use of the word play (paronomasia) in â€Å"Where they have left no one stone on a stone† and â€Å"What I was walling in or walling out†. Principles of repetition are also used in â€Å"Something there is that doesn’t love a wall† and â€Å"Good fences make good neighbours†. One aspect of intratextual code is its advocation for recognition of visible concrete features of a text. The use of the lyrical voice â€Å"I† and â€Å"neighbour† to draw closer to and alienate the other from the reader strikes one as a code that demands recoding and overcoding. Paradigmatic links in wall, hill, line and fences; loaves, balls, boulders and stone; hunters –elves; rabbits and yelping dogs call upon the reader to recode and overcode these signs to come with the real meanings of the poem. However, the reader also has to be acquainted with the literally code employed by the speaker to appreciate the inherent value of the poem, for example, the choice of diction, semantic variations and form, and secondary modelling systemShow MoreRelatedLiterature and South Africa6676 Words   |  27 Pages References Jong, M.D. 2008. 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Inhabited by around 53 million people, the country is represented as a whole by all of those people, exhibiting the five elements of culture in their everyday lives. The country is called the rainbow nation because if its diversity of people, religions, and cultures. Culture is all the things that make up a people’s way of life as well as what we inherit from ourRead MoreGender Roles, Hiv / Aids, Financial And Economic Status, Transactional Sex And Social Status Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesThis literature review will explore other published literature on the topic of sugar daddies, female sexuality, gender roles, HIV/AIDS, financial/economic status, transactional sex and social status. The published literature will enable me to gain insight into the topic and to identify key issues that need to be discussed. This literature review demonstrates what has already been done in this study and identifies the gaps in the literature that needs to be explored. 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The mass movement of black people from the rural areas of the South to the cities of the North, known as the Black Migration, came in the 1890s when black men and women left the south to settle in cities such as Philadelphia and New York, fleeing from the rise of Jim Crowe Laws and searching for work. This migration of blacks from the South has been an important factor in the formation of the Harlem Renaissance. The period referred to as the Harlem

Florida s Mental Health Crisis - 3828 Words

Florida’s Mental Health Crisis The impact of mental illness on public service and economics is profound in the state of Florida. Improving the quality and funding of mental healthcare requires public administrator development through practical management and intellectual organization and although such evolution consists of examining theoretical ideology, primary importance should be placed on putting theory into practice. Dutil (2014) affirms that practice and policy are results of routine; however, the state of Florida has routinely allocated decreasing amounts of financing for the mental illness crisis. More importantly, the state is failing to draw lessons from public service icons such as Gulick, Weber, and FDR who began†¦show more content†¦Laws carry overwhelming allegorical value and possess the potential to enhance public opinion; however, the clear imbalance of mental illness treatment further complicates public policy enhancement. Mental Health Assessment and Rates of Illness The basic premise of any doctor’s assessment is to address the patient’s concerns, perform lab work, diagnose the condition, perhaps administer medication, and monitor the patient for improvement or problems associated with medication. In general, patients are expected to follow the advice of a certified physician; however, mental illness challenges the rudimentary design of doctor and patient relationships. Psychiatry entails assessments that are elaborate and while often reducing patient symptoms, continue to pose challenges to the psychiatric field due to the level of maintenance and the evolution of recovery (Jacob, K., S. 2015.) Moreover, the approach to recovery in mental illness patients does not end with medication as management and continuous care dominate the mental illness landscape. Bernstein et al (2011) affirm that in the United States, â€Å"25% of adults have a diagnosable mental disorder† (as Cited in Ghodse, 2011, pg. 451,  ¶2) and â€Å"the high rate of mental illness

Single Parents free essay sample

For many years, children growing up in a single parent family have been viewed as different. With much speculation, this topic has become a very intriguing argument. What people must understand is that properly raising a child does not rely on the structure of a family but should be more focused on the process or values that are taught to these children as they learn to mature. Being raised by only one parent seems impossible to many yet over the decades it has become more prevalent. In today’s society many children have grown up to become emotionally stable and successful whether they had one or two parents to show them the rocky path that life bestows upon all human beings. Children of single parents can be just as progressive with emotional, social and behavioral skills as those with two parents. People claim that the only way for children to gain full emotional and behavioral skills is to be raised by both a mother and a father. We will write a custom essay sample on Single Parents or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The problem lies in the difference of children raised by single parents versus children raised by both a mother and a father. Does a child need both parents? Children who are raised with both a mother and a father have more attention from both parents therefore they get the emotional time they need to progress in life. It would not be beneficial at all to grow up in a two-parent family who did nothing but argue and put each other down. Naturally, a child who sees this from a very young age until they are ready to be out on their own would only follow in the footsteps of all that they have ever known. Not all families are lucky enough to have a healthy structure. In my opinion children’s needs respect and strong moral values so one day they can pass on to their family.

Pegging The Saudi Riyal To The Us Dollar

Abstract Scholars have argued about currency pegging policy, and whether it is suitable for an economy or not. Based on Saudi Arabia riyal and the US dollar pegging, this essay critically evaluates theories and policy implications behind the two decades pegging of the riyal against the dollar. It also presents the argument of SAMA as well as why the government of Saudi Arabia believes that currency pegging is appropriate for its economic stability.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Pegging The Saudi Riyal To The Us Dollar specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The study shows that pegging system is under pressure from the public as well as economists who want the government to revalue the riyal. They point at rising inflation and exchange rates of other currencies together with the depreciating value of the dollar as the main reasons to revalue the riyal. However, the government maintains that inflation in the country r esults from domestic processes and not changes in foreign currency exchange rate. In fact, SAMA believes that pegging the riyal against the US shall persist while the US dollar is the global currency of commodities. Meanwhile, experts believe that revaluation of riyal shall happen in the near future. Introduction Currency pegging refers to â€Å"the act of indexing or fixing the exchange rate of one currency against another currency† (Hakes and Gamber 89). Currency pegging is a macroeconomic practice that aims to abridge international trade and lessen the rate of inflation of the pegged currency. This practice usually involves a major currency (mostly the US dollar) and another currency. In order to sustain pegging of a local currency, the Central Bank has to trade its currency against the pegged currency. In addition, the Central Bank must maintain a large reserve of the foreign currency to enable it control the supply of its local currency. The pegged currency must have som e float. This implies that the buying rate remains fixed. Conversely, the selling price has marginal changes to enable other money traders buy and sell the dollar. Pegging currency has some implications for the foreign exchange traders. For instance, the Central Bank takes an active role in the market and fixes the rate of exchange. This practice is also responsible for high liquidity in the market. It prevents a single trader from influencing the market and limits the major currency (Mishkin 71).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Literature Review and theories Since 1986, the Central Bank of Saudi Arabia has pegged the Saudi riyal against the dollar. However, there are calls to revalue the Saudi riyal and end the practice just like in Kuwait. This is because of the weakening dollar. Experts claim that it is now fueling inflation and making commodities expensive (Mankiw 78). Prices of oils have increased, and the economy has grown considerably. These factors have placed pressure on the government so that it revalues the riyal. However, any changes in the exchange rate of the dollar and riyal shall have negative consequences for several stakeholders. First, the government shall bear negative consequences of revaluation. This is because earnings from oils are usually in dollars, which the country changes to riyal for the national budget. According to Bourland, revaluation of riyal shall â€Å"permanently weaken riyal value based on oil revenues, reduce the size of the national budget surplus, and create a budget deficit† (Bourland 1). The government also has its assets in dollar denomination. Therefore, revaluation would reduce the value of these assets. Second, the Central Bank of Saudi Arabia (SAMA) has categorically stated that the country shall not revalue the riyal against the dollar. This implies that such changes can hurt the credibility of SAMA, affect confidence of consumers in the riyal when oil prices drop or when the value of the dollar increases. SAMA would not allow sudden changes on the rate of exchange. However, gradual adjustments cannot hurt many stakeholders affected by the weakening dollar. Third, foreign investors shall also bear the consequences of revaluation. This is because of an expensive riyal and the introduction of exchange rate shall create uncertainties in the market. This act can discourage investments in the country.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Pegging The Saudi Riyal To The Us Dollar specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Finally, Saudi exporting companies shall also bear negative impacts of revaluation because their products shall become expensive. This shall make such products to lack competitiveness. On the other hand, imports shall become cheap and still render locally produced goods to lack competitiveness. Revaluatio n of the riyal against the dollar can make sense over a long-term basis as economy undergoes diversification and SAMA seeks for many avenues for independent rates. However, the time to revalue the riyal is not now. Any attempt to change the fixed rate in order to reflect weakening dollar shall hurt the Saudi economy. Thus, the only alternative to ease the rising rates of inflation among the public can come from subsidizing prices of commodities using oil revenues. Exchange Rate For over two decades, SAMA has pegged riyal against the dollar at 3.75. This was a move to stabilize both internal and external value of riyal. SAMA chose the dollar because of its international usages in the oil trade. SAMA relies on sufficient â€Å"foreign exchange convertible to gold† (principally short-term US dollar instruments) to cover the value of all printed riyals in circulation† (Bourland 1). Pegging the riyal against the dollar has served its purpose of â€Å"supporting the economic growth† (Bourland 1). It has controlled inflation in the country. Experts have observed that the rate of inflation in the country has averaged 0.5 percent between 1986 and 2006. The IMF also noted that the country’s real effective exchange rate was stable. The real effective exchange rate considers the country’s currency against those of its trading partners. Changes in the international prices of oil have placed pressure on the pegged riyal. For instance, in 1993, the international price of oil fell. There were also concerns relating to budget deficits. This generated speculations that the value of riyal shall fall. During 1998 and 1999, there were similar experiences due to â€Å"drops in oil prices and economic crisis of Asia† (Bourland 1).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, SAMA used its vast foreign assets in order to control devalue and maintain strength of the riyal. Presently, this pressure does not come from market activities. Instead, it originates from public opinion. The public wants upward revaluation or an end to pegging. Causes of pressure for revaluation The market expectations and perceptions are responsible for calls for revaluation of the riyal. The public argues that the currency strength is not consistent with the rising prices of oil and strong economy growth of the country. In addition, the weakening dollar makes the external value of â€Å"the riyal to reduce as inflation hurts its internal value† (Mankiw 78). Still, there are also regional forces (GCC members) and other global factors, which place pressure on the riyal. The fair value of a currency is difficult to ascertain as most economists show. For riyal, it is not free-floating. Thus, it fair value based on the market forces remain difficult to establish. Howev er, changes in the oil prices should provide ground for revaluation of the riyal. The country also has large account surplus, which demonstrates that pegging undervalues the riyal. Saudi Arabia has â€Å"exceeded 20% of GDP for the last three consecutive years† (Bourland 1). Finally, the Big Mac Index puts it that the riyal is 36 percent undervalued against the dollar (The Economist 1). The index relies on prices of similar products across different countries and attributes the price differences to discrepancies in exchange rates. Data from other trading partners have indicated that the value of riyal has fallen. For instance, the Euro, the British Pound, and other currencies depict these changes. Under these conditions, the free-floating exchange rates from forces of the market shall ensure that the riyal appreciates. Strength against riyal among Saudi’s trading partners Exchange rate movements Percent of Imports Currency Change vs Riyal* Euro zone 25 Euro 12. 1 US 15 Dollar 0.0 China 9 Yuan 5.9 Japan 8 Yen 3.0 UK 4 Pound 13.3 South Korea 4 Won 6.9 India 4 Rupee 9.2 *End 2005 to August 17, 2007: Data from SUSRIS, 2007 Source: the Economist, January 12, 2012 These indicators show that pegging has created undervalued riyal. However, this should not translate to revaluation of the currency after two decades of pegging. Undervalued currencies usually drive competition and growth through encouraging export of products. This implies that Saudi Arabia benefits from currency pegging. Still, SAMA must not revalue the currency because rates of foreign exchanges are not stable. The dollar might gain strength and create a weak riyal. In this regard, the argument for revaluation should follow â€Å"structural economic arguments rather than changes in the foreign exchange markets† (Bourland 1). The rising inflation and exchange rate In the recent past, Kuwait revalued its dinar. It argued that a weak currency was responsible f or inflation. Thus, we can apply the same rationale to Saudi Arabia. The decline in riyal has also come in a time of rising inflation. From 2003 to 2007, the rate of inflation in the country rose from 0.3 percent to 3.1 percent. The weak riyal led to high prices of imported products. In this sense, upward revaluation of the riyal shall â€Å"reduce prices of imported goods and consequently, reduce inflation† (Hakes and Gamber 91). However, imports are not the main contributor to rising prices based on the following observations. First, inflation in the Kingdom results from locally produced goods. This is because of economic growth in the country, which has forced prices of commodities to rise. Inflation mainly results from food prices. We have to note that increments in food prices are global phenomena and do not affect Saudi Arabia alone. In addition, food prices do not relate to changes in currency markets. Prices of other commodities have also increased. Commodities, such as jewelry, gold, and silver, have increased in international prices. However, such changes have not affected majority, and they are not severe like in the case of food prices. Rent prices have changed due to increase in the number of expatriates in the Kingdom. Saudi Arabia: Inflation Breakdown 2003 2004 2005 2006 H1 2007 Foodstuffs beverages 0.6 4.9 3.0 5.3 6.7 Fabrics, clothing footwear -0.5 -2.4 -1.5 -0.6 -2.5 Renovation, rent, fuel water 0.0 0.3 -0.1 0.8 5.3 Home furniture -0.6 -1.7 0.4 0.3 1.0 Medical care 0.2 0.4 0.0 1.3 2.1 Transport telecoms -1.7 -0.6 -2.5 -3.2 -2.7 Education entertainment -0.6 -0.6 0.3 0.3 -0.2 Other expenses services 2.5 0.6 2.4 7.7 4.9 Overall 0.6 0.3 0.7 2.3 3.0 Source: SUSRI: 2007 and 2012 Analysts believe that exchange rates are not the main source of inflation in the Kingdom. The above tables capture various items and services from local and international markets to show that exchange rates are not the cause of problems. In fact, some locally produced goods and services have proved that inflation in the country does not arise from the currency pegging. Trade data from other countries have also indicated that the dollar was not the source of inflation in the country. For instance, products from China have kept the rate of inflation low. China has increased its export to the Kingdom. Share of imports (percent) 2002 2006 Euro zone 25 25 US 16 15 China 5 9 Japan 11 8 UK 6 4 South Korea 3 4 India 3 4 Data from SUSRI, 2007 Revaluation of the riyal can result into â€Å"low prices in some commodities† (Hakes and Gamber 92). However, this approach cannot handle inflation effectively. This is because revaluation of the currency can increase disposable income among Saudis. However, stronger spending power can also create high prices as demands increase. Saudi Arabia Inflation chart from Jadwa/SUSRIS, April 2012 Changes in the values of foreign incomes and assets The revaluation of the currency can lead to low earnings from oils and low values of other assets denominated in dollar. This implies that if the government increases the value of riyal, then its earnings from oil exports shall fall. The fall in earnings from oil exports can implicate the national budget of the Kingdom and create large deficits. Surplus in the national budget shall also decline as spending in public sectors increase. Similarly, all foreign assets of the government shall also lose value based on upward revaluation of the riyal. The upward revaluation of the currency shall affect other sectors such as financial institutions, which may have foreign assets. Companies that also have assets valued in dollars shall also experience decrease in value of their assets because statements shall reflect valuations in riyal. SAMA policy complications For more than two decades, the country has pegged the currency against the dollar. On several occasions, SAMA has stated consistent ly and categorically that it shall not review the current fixed rate of exchange. In addition, SAMA insists that it has mechanisms of fighting off any speculations arising from pegged the rate. SAMA has enough assets, which can afford to â€Å"buy all riyal in circulation if the pegged currency is under pressure from economic forces† (Bourland 1). This implies that the country has to prepare the market for many years for such changes. However, it has not happened. Therefore, the policy of currency pegging shall remain firmly in place in order to maintain the pegging system. Protecting the currency credibility Credibility is crucial in money market. Thus, policymakers must use it to protect the currency as well as the exchange rate. The lack of credibility in a currency market can make traders lose confidence in the currency. This is because of uncertainty regarding the value of currency. Eventually, the loss of credibility can affect investment and economic performance of the Kingdom. Thus, the country cannot afford any abrupt changes to the currently pegged exchange rate. However, the strength of the dollar and decrease in global prices of oil can also devalue the riyal. Protecting locally produced commodities Revaluation of the riyal can result into high prices of products, which do not use the dollar as a benchmark. Still, prices of import products valued in other currencies shall decline. On the other hand, prices of locally manufactured products shall rise. This shall undermine the competitiveness of local products. The country can diverse its economy and encourage the growth of other sectors rather than the oil export. Any revaluation of the riyal shall raise prices of exported goods. As the country records positive economic growth, imports shall increase, and the public shall have confidence in the market. Any revaluation of the riyal shall result into an increase in imports. Thus, imports shall be cheap as exports become expensive. This shall re duce the competitive ability of local products. Foreign Investment Revaluation of the riyal shall reduce foreign investments in the Kingdom. This is because foreign investors shall deal with unstable and expensive riyal. In addition, the readjustment of the pegged rate shall create uncertainty in the foreign exchange market. This situation can deter any form of foreign investment in the country. The country has promoted its foreign investment agenda under the pegged currency. This implies that the country’s agenda of attracting foreign investments cannot be successful if it reviews the riyal. For foreign investors, pegging the currency has created a long-term stability. This has eliminated risks associated with the capital value, which results from free-floating exchange rates. The dollar has also presented cases of volatility. However, this does not imply Saudi Arabia should revalue its currency. Increased Volatility Changes in international oil prices have created a volatil e situation in Saudi Arabia. This implies that the exchange rate has also experienced volatility in the Kingdom. The country has relied on large dollar reserves and the pegged exchange rate in order to control volatile situation, which arises from fluctuating oil prices. Any move to abandon the pegging system can expose the riyal to further volatility. This implies that many oil traders cannot rely on riyal as a currency of exchange. Therefore, country must gradually plan and implement any plan of abandoning the riyal pegging or revaluation of its currency. Other arguments for revaluation of the currency Initially, the GCC had planned to have a single currency by the year 2010. This initiative has faced many hurdles. According to some economists, this scenario may force the Kingdom to revalue its currency (Bourland 1). These economists claim that GCC member states can readjust their currencies in preparation for the launch of the GCC single currency. However, some believe that the G CC member states shall peg the GCC currency to the dollar whereby the riyal shall have a fixed rate. Later, the GCC member states may include a basket of currencies that show their trade relationships. Still, the Kingdom and other states like Qatar have claimed that as long as the dollar stays in the global financial system as the currency of price commodities, they shall continue to peg their currencies to reflect this. Some economists argue that pegging currencies create global imbalances in trade. However, global imbalance results from large gaps in trade between countries. In this case, one country saves excessively as another one spends excessively. This is the case of the US and China whereby the latter is responsible for large trade deficit between them. China has also pegged its currency against the dollar. Revaluation of currencies usually reduces the gap in trade imbalances among countries. This act normally encourages such countries to increase imports and reduce the gap. As a result, the existing trade imbalances decline. Negative impacts of pegged currency First, pegging currency has created conditions in which it is difficult to balance the trade between the two countries. Free exchange rates usually balance imports and exports between trading partners. For instance, in a situation whereby there is a trade deficit, there is an increasing demand for foreign currency as prices of foreign commodities increase. Thus, the foreign products shall not be attractive to domestic consumers. Consequently, it creates a trade balance. On the other hand, if we have a pegged currency, creating a trade balance is difficult. This is because a fixed rate of exchange does not provide an opportunity for the government to devalue currency. This implies that prices of domestic products shall remain high. Second, under the current prevailing economic conditions, it has become difficult to print additional money in order to stimulate the economy with a pegged currency. P rinting additional money may benefit the average household. However, it cannot tame the rising inflation and costs of basic commodities. This is because consumers will not be willing to spend money on expensive domestic products. This implies that the demand for foreign products shall increase. Still, a lack of trade imbalance because of pegging system shall force the domestic production to fall and cause recession. Third, defending the pegging system is usually a difficult task. Saudi Arabia may resort to agent measures in order to make trade possible if the dollar continues to weaken rapidly. Some of these measures may include artificial strategies to reduce the rate of inflation, increase taxes, and reduce supply of money in the market. The strategy provides the government with an opportunity to raise incomes from taxes and allow consumers to purchase local products. These strategies are not sustainable because they lead to high taxes, which make the cost of running a business an expensive activity. Unemployment may come because of high rates of taxes. In addition, foreign companies may move to other areas with low costs of running a business. Fourth, there are also political reasons, which influence currency pegging among countries. For instance, China’s action towards the dollar may result from the battle for supremacy as an alternative source of global currency. However, in some case, the pegging may be away of forging a strong alliance between countries through their trade. This is the case of Saudi Arabia and the US. This system has enabled the two countries to maintain strong relationships despite the Gulf turmoil. However, the situation cannot allow the Kingdom to fix its riyal against other major currencies like the Euro, the GBP and others. In addition, the current may also find it difficult to abandon pegging in its financial policy. Policy Implication From various points of view, it is appropriate for Saudi Arabia to continue with the pegg ing policy. However, as market conditions and pressure mount on the riyal, it will be necessary to implement changes to pegging policy gradually. The two main factors, which shall cause revaluation of the riyal, are diversification of the Kingdom’s economy and the need for independent systems to set the rate of interest as businesses acquire autonomy. However, revaluation of the currency shall take many years because economic diversification is a slow process. Still, the oil market shall operate under the dollar currency for many years to come. The country cannot adjust its interest rate due to its pegged currency. It has to rely on interest rates as the US Federal Reserve provides. This creates limited flexibility in controlling interest rates. If the country deviates from the US rates, then financial institutions can take advantage and make profits from a risk-free opportunity. The ability to set or control interest rate is â€Å"a way of managing inflation in many countri es† (Hakes and Gamber 92). However, this requires involvement of local individuals to enhance their spending habits in order to â€Å"create impacts in adjusted interest rates† (Hakes and Gamber 92). In the Kingdom, consumers’ debt uptake is still low. Probably, abandoning pegging system shall encourage the uptake of credit facilities because the government shall have the freedom to adjust the interest rates in a way suitable for the local economy. The government should also consider distributions of oil revenues by subsidizing costs of basic commodities like foodstuff to its citizens. The government should also consider pegging the riyal to â€Å"a trade-weighted basket of currencies† (Bourland 1). From this policy, the riyal shall match the rate of its trading partners and reduce cases of imported inflation. However, this approach is complex, and the public may not readily understand it. In addition, it can create a volatile situation for the economy of the Kingdom. Thus, it is not a favorable approach. The ultimate aim may be to achieve a free-floating currency in which market forces influence the rate of the currency. However, given the volatility in the international oil prices, any further fluctuation from foreign market exchanges shall create uncertainty in the market. Therefore, the only viable option for Saudi Arabia is to maintain its pegging policy. Summary and Conclusion Saudi Arabia is under pressure from economists and the public to revalue its riyal against the dollar or abandon the pegging policy altogether. This is due to weaken of the dollar in foreign exchange markets, increasing rates of inflation, and the rising value of currencies of trading partners. However, Saudi Arabia is not ready to break this policy after two decades. We can argue that changes in foreign exchange rates are not appropriate reasons to adjust the riyal against the dollar. However, some economic factors should make the country to consider the pegging policy. In its defense for pegging policy, Saudi Arabia argues that rising inflation does not relate to changes in the foreign currency market. Instead, it originates from domestic activities. In addition, inflation in the country mostly affects domestic products rather than imported products. The Kingdom has also stated that it has appropriate mechanisms to handle rising inflation or a weaker dollar. The Kingdom believes that pegging currency has many benefits than its revaluation. Thus, pegging the riyal against the dollar has achieved its purpose. Works Cited Bourland, Brad. The Riyal’s Peg to the Dollar. Jan. 2007. Web. Hakes, Davide and Edward Gamber. Study Guide for The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets. New York: Prentice Hall, 2009. Print. Mankiw, Gregory. Macroeconomics. 7th ed. New York: Worth Publishers, 2010. Print. Mishkin, Frederic. Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets. 9th ed. New York: Prentice Hall, 2009. Print. The Eco nomist. The Big Mac Index. Jan. 2012. Web. https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2012/01/12/the-big-mac-index. This report on Pegging The Saudi Riyal To The Us Dollar was written and submitted by user Ibrahim V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.